The Role of Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations in Prostate Cancer Progression

Abstract

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting men worldwide, with its progression being influenced by both genetic and epigenetic alterations. Genetic mutations, including changes in tumor suppressor genes (e.g., TP53, PTEN) and oncogenes (e.g., MYC, ETS fusion genes), contribute to uncontrolled cellular proliferation and metastasis. Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA regulation, further influence gene expression and tumor behavior without altering the DNA sequence. These alterations can drive tumorigenesis, impact treatment responses, and serve as potential biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. Understanding the interplay between genetic and epigenetic changes in prostate cancer progression can facilitate the development of targeted therapies and personalized treatment approaches. This review explores the molecular mechanisms underlying these alterations, their clinical implications, and potential therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating their effects.